Indexing object with dynamic keys within a document

It depends on what you want query.

You want to index only keys.

CREATE INDEX ix1 ON bucket(DISTINCT OBJECT_NAMES(translations)) WHERE type = "article";

Gives document that has keys “en” or “de”

SELECT * 
FROM bucket  WHERE type = "article" AND ANY v IN  OBJECT_NAMES(translations) SATISFIES v IN ["en","de"] END;

https://docs.couchbase.com/server/current/n1ql/n1ql-language-reference/indexing-arrays.html
https://docs.couchbase.com/server/current/n1ql/n1ql-language-reference/functions.html